2022
Session 1 Meet the lead examiner | 24 August 2022
Hosted by Associate Professor Apo Demirkol (audio only)
Session 2 Evaluation, Policy and Planning | 31 August 2022
Hosted by Dr Caroline Sharpe (NSW) and Dr Gregory Stewart (NSW) (audio only)
Questions week 2
Question 1 | Evaluation
You are a public health physician working in the state health department Blood Borne Virus policy team. You have been asked to design and implement an evaluation of a statewide home-based Hepatitis C and HIV screening program using dried blood spot samples targeting groups at high risk of transmission. The program has been running for 3 years and involves participants registering online to receive a postal test kit which they use at home and send back for results. Results are given via text message (for negative results) or phone call (for results that require further testing).
Describe how you would go about the task of designing the evaluation of this program, including the measures you would use.
Question 2 | Planning
You are a public health physician in a regional Public Health Unit. A recent report has highlighted that your region has some of the highest rates of smoking in pregnancy in the state. Your Public Health Unit has been provided with 3 years of funding to develop a program to address this problem and your Director has assigned you with designing the program.
- How would you go about designing and implementing the program? (70%)
- What barriers might you expect in the implementation of this program? (30%)
Session 3 Epidemiology | 7 September 2022
Hosted by Dr Anthea Katelaris (NSW) and Dr Gregory Stewart (NSW) (audio only)
Questions week 3
Question 1 | Antiviral study results
A retrospective cohort study was conducted overseas, looking at the effect of an antiviral treatment in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19.
The study population comprised all patients in a large health district who were aged ≥65 years and were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the community between January and March 2022. Patients also had to be at high risk for progression to severe disease, and deemed eligible to receive the treatment (based on drug interactions and other comorbidities).
The primary outcome of the study was hospitalisation due to COVID-19, in the 35 days after treatment or diagnosis.
Test, prescribing, and hospitalisation data was obtained from a national COVID database, which contained data on all COVID-19 PCRs and recorded rapid antigen tests, all antiviral prescriptions, and public hospital admissions. The majority of hospitals in the region were public hospitals.
The association between treatment and COVID-19 outcomes was estimated with the use of a multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression model, and adjustment was made for sociodemographic factors and coexisting illnesses.
45,304 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the study period and considered eligible for inclusion. Of these, 2,483 were treated with the antiviral, and 42,821 were not treated.
Hospitalisation due to COVID-19 occurred in 11 treated patients (14.7 cases per 100,000 person-days) and in 766 untreated patients (58.9 cases per 100,000 person-days). The adjusted hazard ratio for hospitalisation due to COVID-19 was 0.27 (95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.49). These findings are also shown in the Figure.

a) Interpret the primary findings of the study. (30%)
b) What could explain these results? (40%)
c) What else would you want to know to understand whether the antiviral should be included in COVID-19 treatment guidelines in Australia? (30%)
Question 2 | COVID-19 and BCG
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to offer broad protection against respiratory infections, in addition to protection again tuberculosis infection and severe disease.
A study was conducted in 2020 to assess the relationship between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality globally.
The study collected data on BCG vaccination policies and coverage in 97 countries from the open-source ‘BCG Atlas’ database. Incidence of COVID-19 cases and deaths in these countries was taken from WHO or other public databases tracking the COVID-19 pandemic.
The study found there was a strong inverse association between the BCG vaccination coverage of a country and the number of COVID cases and deaths in that country. That is, countries with higher rates of BCG vaccination reported lower rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths.
Based on these findings, the authors suggested that BCG vaccination should be used to protect against COVID-19 infection and death.
a) What are the limitations of this type of study? (30%)
b) What other methods could be used to assess whether BCG protects against COVID-19 morbidity and mortality? (70%)
Session 4 Health Promotion | 14 September 2022
Hosted by Dr Penelope Fotheringham (NSW) and Dr Gregory Stewart (NSW) (audio only)
Session 5 Environmental Health | 21 September 2022
Hosted by Dr Richard Broome (NSW) and Dr Gregory Stewart (NSW) (audio only)
Questions week 5
Question 1
You are a Public Health Physician working in the State government. At a recent meeting, the Minister of Health raised concerns regarding the increased notifications of Congenital Syphilis in your state in 2021-2022. He is concerned that current Health Promotion measures are not effective and are failing the community.
Due to this the Minister has asked that a prevention strategy be developed for reproductive health over the next 3 years that clearly identifies priority populations, areas for intervention and evaluation measures that can be used as evidence of efficacy.
Outline how you would design this Health promotion strategy, addressing the specific criteria that have been requested.
Question 2
The Bureau of Statistics in your country has recently released data on smoking habits for the 2020-2021 financial year.
“Almost one in ten (9.3%) people aged 18 years and over had used an e-cigarette or vaping device at least once, while 2.2% reported currently using a device. Around 14% of 12 to 17- year-olds have ever tried an e-cigarette, with around 32% of these students having used one in the past month”
You are a public Health Physician working in a Public Health unit for your local government area, that covers a multicultural population of approximately 1 million people. These findings have alarmed your Chief Executive. They have approached you as a Public Health Physician to understand the issue locally and develop a Health Promotion strategy that addresses vaping.
Outline how you would approach development and implementation of this strategy in your local area.
Session 6 Communicable Disease | 28 September 2022
Hosted by Dr Douglas Shaw (SA) and Dr Gregory Stewart (NSW) (audio only)
Questions week 6
Question 1
You are a public health physician working at a regional public health unit. Today, local media is reporting a story about an elevated number of cancer cases among workers at a local factory. The story reports people have several different types of cancer. The CE has requested you investigate
- How would you go about investigating this cluster? (70%)
- What particular public communications issues will you need to address? (30%)
Question 2
You are a public health physician working at a state department of health. At 4:30pm, you receive a call from a colleague at the Environmental Protection Authority. This colleague advises you that the EPA has just been notified by a chemical plant that this plant has had an accidental release of an unknown quantity of a chemical called Chromium VI (hexavalent chromium). The chemical is a yellow coloured liquid and there is a concern that it may have been deposited in a residential area close to the plant.
- How would you respond to this information? (70%)
- What particular public communication issues will you need to address? (30%)
Session 7 First Nations Health | 5 October 2022
Hosted by Dr Kate Armstrong (ACT) and Dr Gregory Stewart (NSW) (audio only)
Questions week 7
Questions week 7
Question 1
The CEO of an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (ACCHO) is concerned that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who need organ transplants are not receiving them at the same rate as non-Indigenous peoples. They are concerned people are not being referred for surgery and feel there are many barriers for Community. The CEO has asked you to develop a Transplant Plan for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. How do you proceed?
Question 2
You are working for the national peak body supporting Aboriginal community-controlled health organisations (ACCHOs) around Australia which provide comprehensive primary health care to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Your organisation is establishing a suicide prevention program for ACCHOs to implement in remote areas. Your role is to lead the development of a monitoring and evaluation framework. Describe your approach and key considerations for framework development and content.