Examiner Training Resource Pack

Resources for creating and maintaining culturally safe examination environments.

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Fairness in assessment: from bias to action

Supporting fair, consistent judgement in high-stake assessment

The 6 Rs: Examiner Praxis Model

The 6 Rs: Examiner Praxis Model 

The 6 Rs provide a practical approach to support examiners in making fair, consistent, and evidence-based judgements in real time.

They recognise that judgement is shaped by cognitive processes, prior experience, and contextual factors. Rather than attempting to eliminate bias, the model supports examiners to notice, pause, and respond deliberately during assessment.

Importantly, the 6 Rs are not linear. Examiners can move between them at any point during an assessment.

A Quick Summary

  • Recognise: what's happening
  • Regulate: before reacting
  • Re-anchor: to evidence 
  • Reframe: your interpretation 
  • Relate: to the candidate context 
  • Respond: with fairness 

The 6 Rs in Practice 

Supporting examiners to move from automatic interpretation to deliberate, fair, and consistent assessment, even in complex and high-pressure environments. 

Stage 1Recognise what's happening

Be aware of the moment a judgement begins to form. 

  • Notice early impressions such as "strong candidate" or "something feels off" 
  • Be aware of internal reactions to communication style, confidence, or familiarity 
  • Recognise when you are moving quickly from observation to interpretation 
Stage 2Regulate before reacting 

Pause briefly to reduce automatic judgement. 

  • Check your internal state: fatigue, distraction, cognitive load 
  • Take a breath or brief pause before scoring or concluding 
  • Reset between candidates where possible (even a few seconds matters) 
  • Use simple regulation strategies: posture shift, breath, brief mental reset 

Key idea: slowing your response improves the quality of your judgement 

Stage 3Re-anchor to evidence 

Return to what the candidate has actually demonstrated. 

  • Focus on observable behaviours rather than overall impressions 
  • Ask: What did they say? What did they do? 
  • Check alignment with rubric/ marking criteria and expected standard 
  • Separate "how it felt" from "what was demonstrated" 

Key idea: move from impression to evidence 

Stage 4Reframe your interpretation

Consider alternative explanations before deciding. 

  • Ask: What else could explain this? 
  • Consider communication style, anxiety, or processing under pressure 
  • Distinguish between difference in expression and deficit in competence 
  • Avoid locking in a single narrative too early 

Key idea: the first explanation is not always the most accurate 

Stage 1Relate to the candidate context 

Acknowledge the conditions under which performance is occurring. 

  • Recognise signs of stress or anxiety (pauses, disorganisation, reduced fluency) 
  • Consider impact of prior stations or perceived judgement 
  • Allow appropriate space for the candidate to demonstrate competence 
  • Use neutral, supportive prompts where appropriate 

Point of contact: 

Small examiner behaviours matter: 

  • Tone and pacing 
  • Allowing thinking time 
  • Avoiding interruption 

Key idea: understanding context supports fair interpretation, not lower standards 

Stage 1Respond with fairness 

Act deliberately to support consistent and equitable assessment. 

  • Apply criteria consistently across candidates 
  • Avoid over-weighting first impressions 
  • Be mindful of prompting, pacing, and how quickly you conclude 
  • Reflect: Would I judge this the same if presented differently? 

Key idea: fair assessment requires active decision-making 

Key Principles
  • Judgement is shaped by multiple interacting influences
  • Bias is most likely to influence interpretation under cognitive load or uncertainty
  • Small pauses and reflective questions can significantly improve consistency
  • The 6 Rs can be used flexibly, revisited at any point during the assessment
In-the-Moment Reflective Prompt
  • What is shaping my judgement right now?
  • Am I fatigued, distracted, or cognitively loaded?
  • Am I reacting to style, confidence, or familiarity?
  • What is the evidence in front of me?
  • What else could explain this presentation?
  • What might be happening for this candidate right now?
  • Am I applying the criteria consistently?

Reference materials

The complexity of examiner judgement
Cultural Safety
Critical consciousness development
Power Flower
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